5Carnoy M, Loeb S. Does external accountability affect student out- comes A cross-state analysis[J] .Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 2002, (24) : 305-331.
6Black P, Wiliam D.Assessment and classroom learning[J] .Assess- ment in Education, 1998, 5(1) : 7-74.
7McMillan J. Fundamental assessment principles for teachers and school Administors[J] .Practical Assessment, Research & Evalua- tion, 2000, 7(8) : 19-26.
9Stiggins R. Essential formative assessment competencies for teachers and school learners[A]. In H. L. Andrade & G.J. Cizek (Eds.), Handbook of Formative Assessment. New York: Routledge, 2009: 41-60.
