国际人权条约人身自由权中的限制性规定研究

Study on the Restrictive Provisions of the Right to Personal Liberty in International Conventions on Human Rights

国际人权条约人身自由权中的限制性规定的主要内容是确定缔约国在哪些情况下可以合法地剥夺人身自由。理解剥夺人身自由的内涵,必须综合考察空间、时间和强制因素。在剥夺人身自由的前提条件方面,国际人权条约主要采取禁止任意性加合法性的二要素模式。根据国际人权监督机构的能动解释,禁止任意性要求限制人身自由的措施应具备合理性和必要性;合法性则要求限制人身自由的措施应受到来自实体法和程序法的双重检验。因此,国际人权条约权利限制条款中的"二要素"和"三要素"之分已经失去实质意义。

The restrictive provisions of the clauses of the right to personal liberty in international conventions on human rights mainly stipulate the preconditions on which state parties are permitted legally to restrict this right.It should consider comprehensively the three elements of space,time and compulsoriness when we evaluate an act of depriving of personal liberty.In terms of the preconditions of restriction on the right to personal liberty, the"two-element"pattern,including prohibition of arbitrariness and legality,is used by international conventions on human rights.According to the interpretation of relevant international human rights monitoring bodies,prohibition of arbitrariness emphasizes that measures taken by state parties should meet the criteria of legitimacy and necessity,and legality means measures taken by state parties should meet the criteria established by positive law and procedural law.As a result,the difference between"two-element"pattern and"three-element"pattern in clauses of restriction on rights in international conventions on human rights is superficial.