单边主义的回归?WTO体制下动物福利措施的合法性分析——以加拿大诉欧盟《海豹禁令》案为视角

The Return of Unilateralism?The Legitimacy of Unilateral Animal Welfare Measures under the WTO——The Case of Canada-EU Seal Ban Dispute

2012年WTO争端解决机构就加拿大、挪威诉欧盟海豹禁令措施一案成立专家组。欧盟海豹案为WTO下首例成员方援引公共道德例外条款抗辩其动物福利措施的争端。申诉方加拿大等认为《海豹禁令》的'土著民族豁免条款'和'海洋资源管理豁免条款'对丹麦和欧盟授予更优惠的待遇,违反了GATT第1.1条、第3.4条及TBT协定第2.1条的'非歧视'要求。另外,加拿大认为《海豹禁令》为避免对海豹的非人道方式猎捕,禁止海豹产品的进口和销售对国际贸易构成不必要的障碍,违反GATT第20条(a)款、(b)款和TBT协定第2.2条的'必要性'要求。WTO体制下成员方推进动物福利措施将因动物福利措施的'单边主义'和'道德价值输出'的特征为争端解决机构严格审查。

The Dispute Settlement Body established a panel to solve the dispute of EU’s Seal Ban in 2012,which was brought by Canada.The EU Seal ban dispute was the first dispute in which the Member defended herself by the moral exception clause of WTO.Canada claimed that the Indigenous People Exemption and Marine Animal Administration Exemption of the Seal Ban treated Denmark and EU more favorably,which violated Article 1.1 and 3.4 of GATT and Article 2.1 of TBT.Furthermore,Canada claimed that the Seal Ban forbade the imports and sales of seal products regardless the seal was harvested humanly or inhumanly,which constituted unnecessary obstacles and violated Article 20(a),20(b) of GATT and Article 2.2 of TBT.The Member’s animal welfare measures will be reviewed by DSB more seriously due to the "unilateraHsm" and "export of moral value" natures of the measures.