WTO体制下可再生能源补贴的困境与出路

Dilemmas and Solutions on Renewable Energy Subsidies under the WTO

基于环境保护目的给予可再生能源以财政支持并不违反WTO补贴规则,但附加国内成分要求属于禁止性补贴。气候变化全球治理与WTO补贴规则之间出现制度供需失衡,上诉机构在加拿大可再生能源案中面临补贴纪律与环境保护目的兼容难题。《补贴与反补贴措施协定》并未区分合理补贴与不合理补贴、歧视性补贴措施难以援引GATT第20条例外条款抗辩和利益集团的积极游说是导致可再生能源补贴争端日益频发的症结。在WTO多边框架内,条约解释中合理适用非WTO规则、修订环境补贴例外条款及建构能源补贴的特殊规则皆是可行性方案。我国在区域(跨区域)自由贸易协定的谈判中,可考虑借鉴《农业协定》模式设置能源补贴规则,并在政府采购条款中明确国民待遇原则减损条款的适用条件。

It is not inconsistent with WTO subsidy rules to give financial support to renewable energy for environment protection.However,the discriminatory domestic content requirement is prohibited.The WTO Appellate Body has encountered the problem of incompatibility between subsidy rules and environment protection in the CanadaRenewable Energy case.The incompatibility arises from the facts that:Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures(ASCM) do not distinguish the desirable subsidies from undesirable subsidies,making the renewable energy subsidy policies in a dilemma;Art.XX GATT cannot be invoked to defend the discriminatory domestic content requirements;and interest groups are positive to lobby the government to take action against foreign subsidies.In response,the non-WTO rules in treaty interpretation could be considered to applicable to the disputes,and Art.VIII ASCM should be revised and the specialised energy subsidy rules should be established in the WTO.In the regional(transregional) free trade area,China could establish energy subsidy rules in the model of the Agreement on Agriculture,and define the applicability of national treatment derogation in the government purchase clause.