国家行为理论在美国国际民事诉讼中的适用问题研究

Application of the Act of State Doctrine in U.S. International Civil Litigation

国家行为理论是在英美法系国家的司法实践中形成的审判原则。美国作为一个典型的代表国家,自1897年的Underhill v.Hernandez案以来,国家行为理论也经历了漫长的发展阶段。国家行为理论在适用中面临的最主要问题是适用标准的界定,通过对一些典型案例的分析可以看出,美国法院并未对这一原则进行明确的界定,对于国家行为理论的界定标准是建立在判例的基础之上的。国家行为理论在适用的主体、范围和结果上都有自身的特点,并且也有其独特的适用价值取向。中国作为日益发展的大国,在国际民商事交往中也时常面临着地方政府以及国有企业被诉的情形,如果能适当的将国家行为理论加以运用,在一定程度上也可以弥补我国坚持绝对豁免主义所带来的不足。

The act of state doctrine as a rule of decision which is developed in the judicial practices of common law countries.As a typical representative,the application of the act of state doctrine in the U.S.has experienced a long stage of development since the Underhill v.Hernandez in 1897.The most important issue for the application of this doctrine is clarifying the standards of application,some typical cases showed that the courts of the U.S.did not give a sepcific definition for this doctrine.Currently,the definition of this doctrine’s standard is based on the judicial practices.The act of state doctrine has its own features on the subject,scope and results,moreover,it has its unique value orientation.China as a growing great power in the world,in international civil and commercial contacts,its local governments and state-owned enterprises always become the defendants in the U.S.courts.If the act of state doctrine could be used appropriately,it may make up for the deficiency of the absolute sovereign immunity that China insists on.