我国偃松研究进展

Research Progress of Pinus pumila of China

偃松属于松科松属,五针松常绿灌木,又名爬地松、矮松等。偃松在天然林保护工程中被列为水土保持林,属于生态公益林中的重点树种,也是药用和食用的重要经济树种。由于自然火灾和人为的原因,偃松成为了东北林区的森林资源的濒危树种,是迫切需要保护的重点树种。为了保护我国偃松种质资源,为科技工作者更好地了解和研究偃松提供参考,进而推动偃松研究工作的进展,本文结合最新文献报道详述了偃松的生物学特性、经济价值与技术研究进展。催芽育苗技术:在室温贮藏、低温贮藏、低温混沙贮藏、自然条件雪藏和快速变温催芽等不同催芽方式中,低温混沙贮藏催芽效果最好,其次为自然条件雪藏,室温贮藏最次。无性繁殖技术:以偃松嫩枝为接穗,4~5年生樟子松为砧木,采用髓心形成层贴接法嫁接成功;俄罗斯科学院使用偃松种子为外植体成功诱导了偃松的胚性愈伤组织,并且通过植组织培养获得了完整的偃松苗;偃松扦插试验尚没有开展研究。引种试验:在伊春引种成功,母树已开始大量结实,可用于连年培育子代,扩大繁殖,并建立子一代母树林;山西省林业科学研究院开展偃松引种试验,筛选出了适合当地的偃松优良种源。促进结实技术:通过抚育和集约经营技术,与对照组相比提高松籽产量30%以上。偃松今后研究方向的建议:加强偃松种质资源的保护与修复工作;着力建成优良的偃松母树林基地、种子园和采穗圃;努力探究偃松高效培育技术,提出促进偃松开花结实的配套措施;在加强常规育种的基础上,采用分子育种的方法,定向、高效、快速地遗传改良偃松的关键性状,加快偃松的育种进程。

Pinus pumila belongs to the genus Pines of the family Pines.Pinus pumila is an evergreen shrub of Five-Leaved Pine,which was also called climbing pine,short pine,etc.It was listed as soil and water conservation forest in Natural Forest Protection Project.Pinus pumila was an important tree species in the ecological public welfare forest,and was also an important economic tree for medicinal and edible.Due to the natural fire and the man-made reason,the Pinus pumila became the endangered tree species of the forest resources in the Northeast Forest Region.Therefore,Pinus pumila is the tree species which need to be protected.In order to protect the germplasm resources of Pinus pumila in China and to provide a reference for scientific and technological workers to better understand and study Pinus pumila so as to promote the progress of the research work of Pinus pumila,the biological characteristics,economic value and the progress of the technology were described in detail.Technology of promoting sprouting and raising seedlings:in different ways such as room temperature storage,low temperature mixed sand storage,natural condition snow storage and rapid changing temperature to promote bud,the effect of low temperature mixed sand storage was the best,followed by natural condition storage,and room temperature storage was the worst.Asexual reproduction technique:with tender branches of Pinus pumila as scions and 4-5 year old Pinus sylvestris(var.)mongolica as rootstock,the grafting was successful by means of medullary cambium grafting;Embryogenic calli were successfully induced by the Russian Academy of Sciences using Pinus pumila seeds as explants and the plantlets of Pinus pumila were obtained by tissue culture;No study on cutting experiment of Pinus pumila.Introduction experiment:with the successful introduction of Yichun,the mother tree has begun to bear a large number of seeds,which can be used to breed the offspring,expand the reproduction and the mother trees of the next generation had been established;Shanxi Research Institute of Forestry carried out introduction experiment and screened out the excellent provenances suitable for the local area of Pinus pumila.Promoting ruggedness techniques:the yield of seed of Pinus pumila was increased by more than 30%compared with the control group by raising and intensive management technology.Suggestions for future research direction of Pinus pumila:strengthening the Protection and Restoration of Pinus pumila resources;strive to build an excellent base,seed orchard and cutting orchard for Pinus pumila;to explore the technique of high-efficiency cultivation of Pinus pumila,and put forward the measures to promote flowering and fruiting of Pinus pumila;on the basis of conventional breeding,the method of molecular breeding should be adopted to improve the key character of Pinus pumila and accelerate the breeding process of Pinus pumila.