青年恩格斯的新闻活动和新闻传播思想——恩格斯为德国科塔出版社报纸撰稿的历史

Young Engels' Press Activities and Ideas of Journalism &Communication:The History of Engels's Editing Work for the German Publisher Verlag Klett-Cotta

在马克思主义新闻实践的历史上,青年恩格斯的新闻活动应该是一段不能或缺、充满实践与思想活力的开篇。文章根据最新的材料论证了恩格斯20岁前后为德国最大的科塔出版社出版的日报《知识界晨报》《总汇报》撰稿的情形,梳理了他当时的新闻专业理念。文章有以下的发现:其一,恩格斯通过数次报道蒸汽轮船用于欧美交通而表达了他最早关于传播的时空观;通过报道低地德语的流通而表达了他最早关于传播与语言关系的思想。其二,恩格斯自觉遵循了当时商业性新闻工作不偏不倚的工作惯例。他为属于文学派别的《德意志电讯》撰稿,一旦道不同,没有了共同语言,便停止为它撰稿。为商业性的科塔出版社的报纸撰稿,虽然那时报道中可以夹杂作者的观点表达,但习惯于平衡地再现与他对立的观点,给读者留下报道者不偏不倚的公正印象。其三,恩格斯那时已经具有鲜明的新闻价值意识。为市民报纸《知识界晨报》撰稿,他明显有关于娱乐、文化、知识方面的考虑,但为全国性大报《总汇报》的撰稿,他衡量事实的唯一标尺是新闻价值要素,因而他发表的新闻几乎篇篇有社会影响。其四,恩格斯具有强烈的新闻时效观念。恩格斯所在的城市不来梅位于德国西北部平原,而科塔出版社的报纸编辑部位于西南部高原,交通工具主要是马车,因而那时的新闻时效以月、旬作为衡量单位,而恩格斯已经以"天"为时间单位了。

In the history of journalism practice of Marxist, the press activities of young Engels should be an indispensable beginning period which is full of practice and energetic thoughts. Based on the latest materials, this paper argues that Engels has written for"Morgenblatt für gebildete Leser"and"Allgemeine Zeitung", both of which are published by the Germany's largest publishing house——Verlag Klett-Cotta,around his age of 20, and sort out Engels' journalism professional ideas at that time.There are four findings as follows.The first, Engels expressed his earliest time-space theory of communication by a series of reports about steamers being used for European and American traffic. Through his coverage of the circulation of Plattdeutsch, Engels also expressed his earliest thought about the relationship between communication and language.The second, Engels kept to the impartial rules in commercial journalism consciously. When Engels wrote for the literature periodical"Telegraph für Deutschland", he stopped his writing once there's no shared ideological concepts. It's the same when it comes to the commercial Verlag Klett-Cotta. Though authors' opinions were allowed to be expressed in the coverage, he got accustomed to impressing his readers with impartiality by representing opposing views evenly.The third, Engels had a clear sense of news value. Obviously, he took entertainment, culture and knowledge into consideration when he wrote for the citizen newspaper"Morgenblatt für gebildete Leser". However, the factors of news value became the only standard to decide the facts since he wrote for the national newspaper"Allgemeine Zeitung", as a result, almost every piece of his news had social impact.The fourth, Engels held a strong concept of timeliness in news. Bremen, where Engels lived then, located in the northwestern plain of Germany, while the newspaper editorial department of Verlag Klett-Cotta located in the southwestern plateau. As Carriage was the main transportation between these two places, at that time, news timeliness was measured by a ten or fifteen-day unit, but Engels had already taken a single day as the unit.