从“家国天下”到“社会媒介国家”:死亡政治的演化

From “Family-State-World”to “Society-Media-State”:The Evolution of Death Politics

中国人对死亡有着诸多忌讳,试图通过各种方式将死亡从私人领域隔离开来,但是权力并未因死亡而停止对死者和社会进行规训,不断地将死亡拉回到公共空间。古典时期,在"家国天下"的秩序下,权力分别从"实体"的制度、法律以及从"天命观"的伦理、道德层面进入死亡,将死亡政治化,使得死亡能够在公共领域堂而皇之地呈现。现代时期,"家国天下"的秩序被破除,民族国家的观念被引入后,社会与国家成为新的两极,媒介勾连起国家与社会之间的关系,尤其是在中国,演变出"社会媒介国家"这一新秩序。此时伦理、道德一极的死亡被科学话语、殡葬改革革除,而权力也开始从前台退场和隐藏,但权力又在媒介的遮掩下将死亡再次政治化并使死亡得以重返公共领域。

The Chinese have many taboos about death,in China,people try to separate death from the private space via various ways,but it doesn't stop the power disciplining the dead and society,and constantly pulls it back into public space. In the classical period,with the help of the order of"family-state-world",power discipline the death from the system of"entity",the law as well as the ethical and moral aspects of the "theory of Heaven and destiny",and politicized death,making death present in the public domain. In modern times,the order of "family-state-world "was destructed,and after the concept of nation-state was introduced,the society and the state became new poles,and the media connected the relationship between the state and society,especially in China. The new order of"society-media-state"has been established. At this time,the death of ethics and morality was abolished by scientific discourse,funeral and burial reform. The power began to withdraw and hide from the front stage,but the power politicized the death under the cover of the media and made it return to the public space again.