网友自制短视频中的“雾霾中国”:公共危机、个体叙事与影像表达

"China Haze" in Self-Made Short Videos by Netizens:Public Crisis,Individual Narration and Image Expression

频发的雾霾是我国当下的公共健康危机之一。以公共危机的个体叙事为视角,运用内容分析法研究秒拍、美拍和土豆中网友自制雾霾短视频(N=2009)发现:拍摄方式、出镜人物性别影响着网友自制短视频界定、表述雾霾,以及呈现的应对雾霾的行为。大多数视频都将雾霾视作危机,但未突出雾霾的危害性、成因以及应对措施,实则是对雾霾的浅层认知,淡化了雾霾危机。网友自拍多于非自拍,但倾向于利用"他者"或从"他者"身上出发寻找雾霾发生的原因,而不是从自身出发。不少视频以娱乐的方式讲述雾霾,但从科学的角度讲述雾霾较少。绝大多数短视频未提及或呈现应对雾霾的行为,并且接近一半的人在雾霾天出行。真实的雾霾场景可能通过技术的手段或娱乐化的策略去真实化,从而被"异化",因此,"有图有真相""眼见为实"等见解需要在新的技术条件下被重新定义。如果说自上而下的雾霾叙事或官方话语存在宏大叙事的不足,那么,自下而上的雾霾言说也并不理想。作为参与式视频的一种表现形式,自制短视频如何呈现公共危机与公共议题,个体的危机叙事何以上升为公共叙事,是一个新的问题。

Frequent Haze is one of the current public health crises in China. The research is starting from the perspective of the individual narrative of public crisis,using content analysis to examine the hazerelated self-made short-video (N = 2009) respectively from Miaopai,Meipai and Tudou Video. Results show that the definition and expression of haze,and the related coping behaviors that were presented in self-made short videos are influenced by shooting ways and the gender of characters presented in the screen. Although most videos regarded haze as a crisis,they did not highlight the hazards,causes and countermeasures of haze,which essentially showed the superficial cognition of haze and therefrom,played down the crisis role of haze. Netizens took more selfies than non-selfies,but they tended to use the 'other'or from the 'other'to find the cause of haze,rather than from their own. Many videos described haze in an entertaining way,but less from a scientific point of view. The vast majority of short videos did not mention or present coping behavior to haze,and nearly half of the people went out in haze. This paper holds that the authenticity of haze scene may be 'alienated'by means of technology or entertainment strategy. Therefore,the views of 'Picture is truth 'and 'Seeing is believing'need to be redefined under new technical conditions. If the topdown haze narrative or official discourse has its deficiencies because of the grand narrative,then the bottomup haze narrative is not ideal. As a manifestation of participatory video,how to present public crisis and public issues in self-made short video and how to promote individual crisis narrative to public narrative is a new problem.