孟德斯鸠政体学说的当代再审视

Reexamining of Montesquieu's Theory of Regime in Current Time

当代学术界对孟德斯鸠的政体学说有着非常激烈的争论。一方认为孟德斯鸠真正倾心的是君主政体,而另一方则针锋相对地认为他是一个共和主义者,但是双方都没能看到,孟德斯鸠有一个人性理论,而这种理论坚硬地主导着他对政体的全部思考。孟德斯鸠相信,君主政体和历史上的共和政体都极度扭曲了人性,因而都并不可取。他为此构想了新的解决方案,即特定商业共和国的联盟,并且相信人们一旦得到启蒙,就会选择这种保障而非扭曲人性的新制度。

Modern scholars has been arguing on Montesquieu’s theory of regime for a long time.Some of them assert that he is a monarchist,and the others believe that he is a republican.However,both of them failed to discover that Montesquieu had a theory of human nature,which completely dominated his theory of regime.Montesquieu believed that the existent monarchy and republic both are extremely distorting the human nature.Thus,neither of them is desirable.Then he had conceived a new solution,which is the union of the commerce republics.He believed that once people get enlightened,they will choose this new solution soon.