互联网审查及其评价标准

网络空间虽是一个虚拟空间,但互联网自由不是绝对的。互联网审查的现实必要性在于政治、社会、安全和控制互联网等多重因素;其多样性表现为各国往往通过法律、行政、技术和行业自律等手段开展互联网内容的过滤、屏蔽。尽管对互联网进行管理、开展互联网审查的依据是国家主权原则等国际法或国内法的主张,但互联网审查存在危及隐私权和言论自由等人权的可能性;而由于缺乏评判各国互联网审查的统一标准,有些国家的审查措施反映良好,而另一些国家的网络审查则遭到非议和批评;肆意地对别国的互联网审查状况进行评头论足,往往会引发有关国家间的对抗、而无益于其改进。有学者提出公开、透明、准确、有效等参考标准,来衡量各国开展互联网审查的合法性或合理性,但这些标准存在实施困难等问题、而难以推广。

Although the network space is a virtual space , but the freedom of Internet is not absolute .Governments carried out Internet content filtering and blocking through legislative mandate , administration , technology and self-regulato- <br> ry, and other means in the considerations of politics , society, safety and control of the Internet .Filtering looks easy and cheap , and calls to blockaccess to material that is almost universally condemned-such as child pornography , extreme violence , or incitements to terrorism-are hard to resist .Although the network space is also ap-plicable for the principle of national sovereignty , national jurisdiction can be ex-tended to the network space , internet censorship is the internal affairs of all coun-tries, but some examination measures earned praise in some countries , but some others raised criticism .The concern is that as filtering is increasingly adopted in Western democracies , censorship that blocks access to material rather than legal measures that punish access after the fact will become increasingly seen as normal rather than problematic .Censorship can be an effective tool , but it is a dangerous one.Although there is no unified standards to judge Internet censorship in these countries , the indexes of openness , transparency , narrowness , accountability can be used as the reference .