《史记·酷吏列传》的政治讽喻性探析

An Analysis on the Political Allegory of Ruthless Official Biography in Historical Records

汉武帝时期酷吏政治盛行,酷吏大行于世,司马迁作《酷吏列传》表面在批判酷吏,其实质是在批判酷吏政治的推行者汉武帝。结合《平准书》的记载,得知汉武帝时期穷兵黩武,兴利鬻爵,这直接导致了酷吏政治的兴起。在《酷吏列传》中,司马迁反复强调汉武帝重用酷吏;酷吏集中出现于武帝时期;且越到汉武帝后期的酷吏愈为残忍,品行也越发卑劣。这些现象的背后是司马迁对汉武帝时期严刑峻法盛行、酷吏大行于世的讽刺,其目的是劝谏汉武帝恢复汉初宽缓的政治局面,正本清源,以德治国。

During the Western Han Dynasty,the politics of the Kudang era was prevalent,and the great enthusiasm of the world was carried out. Sima moved to Ruthless Official Biography in Historical Records to criticize the ten individuals. The essence is to criticize Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty,the promoter of the ruthless politics. In combination with the records of Pingzhunshu in Historical Records,it was learned that during the period of Emperor Wudi,he exhausted all resources to build up his military power,and this led directly to the rise of ruthless politics. In Ruthless Official Biography,Sima Qian repeatedly emphasized the use of ruthless officials by Emperor Wudi;ruthless officials concentrated in the period of Emperor Wudi;and the ruthless officials in the later period of Emperor Wudi became more cruel,and their morals became more and more despicable. Behind these phenomena is Sima Qian’s satire on the prevalence of the severe punishment of Emperor Wudi during the period of the imperial controversy,to persuade the Emperor Wudi to rejuvenate the general political policy in the beginning of the empire,reform from the bottom,and advocate the rule of virtue.