加泰罗尼亚公投解析:基于法律、理论与现实三重视角

Why the Catalonia Referendum? Analysis from the Perspectives of Law,Theory,and Reality

加泰罗尼亚是西班牙的一个高度自治区,由于与西班牙之间存在错综复杂的历史、民族与经济关系,当地的自治诉求一直高涨,并逐渐演化为分离诉求,最终激发了2017年10月1日的分离公投。然而,加泰罗尼亚公投是合律性和正当性双重缺失的产物。就与现行法律的契合度而言,加泰罗尼亚公投既违背西班牙宪法又不符合国际法;就与学术理论的契合度而言,加泰罗尼亚公投在西方'分离权'理论、社会契约学说和民主公投理论三个领域均无法找到合理性依据。事实也印证了这一点。公投发生后,西班牙宪法法院宣布公投违宪,中央政府也紧急启动宪法第155条,及时遏制了分离运动的升级;国际社会纷纷发声,支持西班牙政府捍卫领土主权的行动。尽管公投暂告失败,但仍给各个存在分离问题的主权国家提供了经验与警示:其一,过度放权并非解决分离主义的灵丹妙药,需要把握好中央集权与地方分权的平衡;其二,分离主义的发生与一个国家的经济政治发展水平没有直接关联,欠发达国家不能把解决分离主义的希望完全寄托在经济发展和政治民主之上,多管齐下才能产生更好效果。

Catalonia is a highly autonomous region in Spain.Due to the intricate historical,ethnic and economic relations with Spain,the demand of autonomy in this region has been rising and gradually evolved into the demand of separation,which eventually triggered the independence referendum on October 1,2017.However,Catalan referendum is the product lacking conformity and legitimacy.In terms of the conformity with the current law,the referendum in Catalonia is in violation of the Spanish Constitution and does not conform to international law either.In terms of the conformity with academic theories,no rational bases can be found to support the Catalan referendum in the fields of western'separation of powers'theory,social contract theory or democratic referendum theory.Facts have also confirmed this point.After the referendum,the Spanish Constitutional Court declared this referendum unconstitutional,the central government also urgently launched Article 155 of the Constitution,which curbed the escalation of the separatist movement promptly.The international community voiced in succession to support the Spanish government in its efforts to defend territorial sovereignty.Despite of the temporary failure of the referendum,it has provided experience and warning to sovereign states with separatist problems.First,excessive decentralization is not a panacea for separatism.The balance between centralization and decentralization needs to be sought.Second,there is no direct connection between separatism and a country’s economic and political development.Less developed countries cannot completely rely on economic development and political democracy to solve separatism.Multipronged methods can produce better results.