诸葛亮“奇谋为短”辨证——兼论武侯形象的演变

A Textual Research of Zhuge Liang Being “Short of Stratagem”:With a Discussion of the Evolution of the Image of Marquis of Wu

陈寿在《三国志》中称诸葛亮"奇谋为短",并不是说诸葛亮不善奇谋,而是说相对于诸葛亮的政治才干,奇谋稍逊。虽然陈寿对诸葛亮的评价客观中允,但人们出于对英雄的崇拜和讳言英雄之短,使陈寿背上了"曲笔"之名。明清之际,诸葛亮的形象发生了变化,这正是人们对"奇谋为短"的反动,为英雄讳短而状其智,使"奇谋为短"的诸葛亮变成了智慧的化身。又由于"奇谋"与儒家公正、诚信的理念相悖,在儒士的大力推动下,诸葛亮又由申、韩之士被打造为儒家圣贤。

In Records of the Three Kingdoms,Chen Shou states that Zhuge Liang is“short of stratagem,”which does not mean Zhuge is not good at stratagem,but his stratagem is slightly inferior to his political capability.Although Chen made objective and fair evaluation of Zhuge,he was criticized as“distorting the facts.”In the Ming-Qing period,the image of Zhuge changed because of people's reaction of being“short of stratagem,”thus Zhuge became the incarnation of wisdom.And because“stratagem”contradicts the Confucian ideas of impartiality and integrity,Zhuge was shaped into a Confucian sage from a legalist under strong promotion of Confucian scholars.