农业起源的考古学探索——从安诺遗址到圭拉那魁兹洞穴

Archaeological Exploration of the Origin of Agriculture——From the Anau Site to Guilá Naquitz

文章回顾了国际考古学界在农业起源方面具有里程碑意义的几项重大项目和成果,梳理了农业起源理论、方法和实践的发展。庞佩利发掘安诺遗址提出的'绿洲理论'被柴尔德充分发挥而影响深远。这激发了布雷德伍德启动伊拉克扎尔莫项目来检验绿洲理论,麦克尼什则启动特化坎项目来探索新大陆的农业起源。这两个项目是考古学学科交叉和战略性探索的开山。弗兰纳利首次将系统论用于圭拉那魁兹遗址的个案分析,以检验农业起源的理论,成为这项战略性探索的典范。他以严谨的演绎法和电脑模拟来解释农业是如何起源的,为考古学的理论、方法与实践做出了突破性的贡献。

Several cornerstone events and achievements in the explorations of the origin of agriculture are reviewed and theoretical and methodological developments in archaeology are described.'Oases hypothesis'was first suggested by P.Pumpelly during his excavations at Anau and elaborated by V.G.Childe,becoming a well-known theory to explain plant and animal domestication.In midtwentieth century,Braidwood’s Jarmo project in northern Iraq and R.MacNeish’s Tehuacán project in Mexico became ground breaking works of multi-disciplinary collaboration in this field.K.V.Flannery’s GuiláNaquitz project employed system theory to test various theories of origin of agriculture,which has been regarded as a brilliant model of this strategic research.He adopted rigorous deductive approach and computer simulation to interpret early domestication,which made a great contribution to archaeological theory,method and practice.