语言辩证法视阈下的会话合作原则——以柏拉图的《智者》为例

The Cooperative Principle from the perspective of dialectic of language:Plato's Sophist as an example

本文以《智者》为例,先是探讨格莱斯的会话合作原则及其准则与柏拉图对话的冲突,然后以伽达默尔的语言辩证法为视阈,指出合作原则及其准则在会话语境中,在意义理解方面存在问题。论文最后试图指出,在语言辩证法视阈下,会话意义的理解在于言语行为能否使意义呈现自身。柏拉图在自己的对话语篇中,以离题话、问答等结构构成基本的言语行为方式,目的是让事物的意义敞开,呈现自身,与说者和听者照面。而会话合作原则力图以量、质、关系、方式等准则,让说者把会话意图的开放性减小到最低程度,达到对意义的控制。这种意义是一种客体事物;在语言辩证法的视阈下,意义是与说者和听者照面的事物。本文认为,伽达默尔的语言辩证法可以在对话方式和意义理解两个方面对格莱斯的对话合作原则进行补充和修正。

Taking Plato's Sophist as an example,this paper first analyzes Grice's Cooperative Principle and its four maxims,holding that they are in conflict with Plato's dialogue. Then from the perspective of Gadamer's dialectic of language,problems in understanding conversational meaning by the Cooperative Principle and its four maxims are pointed out. The basic ways that constitute speech acts in Plato's dialogue are digression,question-answer structure,etc. They aim to disclose and present meaning,meeting face-to-face with speaker and listener. In contrast,Grice's Cooperative Principle,together with its four maxims-quantity,quality,relation and manner,aims to control the understanding of meaning through minimizing the openness of the conversational intention. Within the control of Grice's Cooperative Principle,conversational meaning is an object that is prescribed; however,from the perspective of Gadamer's dialectic of language,conversational meaning is an object that meets the speaker and listener face to face. Thus,this paper holds that Gadamar's dialectic of language can supplement and amend Grice's Cooperative Principle in aspects of the way of conversation and the understanding of meaning.