违实句中的时制、体貌和语气——兼论语言标记系统的形成、类推和强化

Tense,Aspect and Mood in Counterfactual Clauses——Pathways of Marking System: Forming,Analogy and Renovation

本文主要研究违实标记的历时形成轨迹。基于由155种语言~①组成的大规模语种库的实例研究,我们发现违实标记常常以复杂形式出现。最常用的组合形式就是过去时与完成体的组合。Dahl(1997:97-114)认为这些组合的违实标记都各自有其历史发展轨迹。这些启发了我们对语言中各种常用的堆积违实标记进行历时层级研究,包括过去时,完成(整)/非完成(整)体,非现实语气等。我们认为违实标记的发展延续着统一的循环轨迹:始于过去时,演变成虚过去时,进化成可以出现在未来时制中的成熟的违实标记。

This paper is devoted to a diachronic development of CF markings.Based on the empirical study of the formal features of counterfactuals in a 155-language sample,we find that the markings of counterfactuals tend to be complex.One frequent combination of markers that shows up in many languages is that of a past tense together with perfect in past counterfactuals.According to Dahl(1997:97-114),the stacking use of CF markings consists of elements of varying historical layers.This motivates a closer look at the diachronic history of each marking in the combinations that do occur.Therefore,a diachronic study of frequently used CF markers such as past tense,perfective/imperfective aspect,irrealis mood markers is conducted.We propose a cross-linguistic whole life-cycle of CF markers which start as past tense markers,become fake past tense markers,develop into CF markers and end as future tense markers.