近代蒙古族的半农半牧及其生态文化类型

The Cological and Cultural Types of Agriculture-nomad of Mongolians in Modern History

欧亚草原的蒙古各部都在近代化浪潮下发生了从纯游牧到半农半牧的变化,这种变化因生态条件和所接触的文化不同而有所差异。地处中亚的西部蒙古族以绿洲灌溉农业和沙漠游牧为特色,放牧时一般分三季营地或定居游牧;俄罗斯文化圈内的喀尔玛克蒙古和布里亚特蒙古部分地接受了俄式农业和畜牧业,游牧业发生了集约化但保持了季节营地;汉文化圈内的外蒙地区保持着传统的游牧业和灌溉农业;在内蒙古地区,游牧业与汉式农业的融合程度很差,蒙民的生活方式或完全汉化,形成无游牧业的集约化农业村庄,或仍守着“漫撒子”式农业和游牧业的结合。

There is changing process of Mongolian culture from nomad to agriculture - nomad system in Eurasian Steppes by the effecting of modern change in the world. Changes are different according to ecology and cultures. The west Mongolian in central Asia were practicing oasis irrigation agriculture with desert nomadism, and the desert nomadism were ordinary settled nomadism with three camping sites; the Kalmuks and Buryats in Russian cultural area accepting agriculture and stock raising of Russian, but the nomadism of Mongolian were maintained and several camping sites were kept; But in out- Mongolia, that is in Chinese- culture circle, traditional pastoral systems and irrigation agriculture were practiced; in inner- Mongolia, Mongolian pastoral system and Han agriculture were not very compatible. From a long period, Mongolian give up nomadism and accept Han agriculture, or they maintain pastoral system and Manshzh agriculture.