建筑物火灾疏散中人的失误研究

Study on Human Error in Building Fire Evacuation

火灾是人类所面临的最为严重的灾害之一。通过建筑物火灾现场勘察表明 ,造成火灾中人员伤害的重要原因之一是火灾现场疏散人员行为的失误。而火灾现场疏散人员行为的失误是一个极为复杂的问题 ,它既与影响疏散中人的行为因素有关 ,又与火灾疏散中人的认知模式有关。因此 ,笔者基于行为学的基本原理和建筑物火灾的特点 ,定义了建筑物火灾中人失误的内涵 ,对建筑物火灾中疏散人员失误的机理和分类进行了分析 ,建立了相应的模型 ,讨论了减少建筑物火灾中疏散人员失误的措施 ,并着重讨论了火灾疏散教育和培训的内容和形式。

Fire is one of most serious disasters faced by human being. The fact on location of building fire demonstrates that one of reasons causing casualty is the human error during evacuation. However, human error during fire evacuation is a rather complicated problem, which relates not only with the factors affecting the attitude of human behavior, but also with the mode of cognizance of the fire evacuation. Therefore, based on the basic principle of behavior sciences and characteristics of the building fire, human error in building fire evacuation is well defined. The mechanism and classification of human error are analyzed. A model is established. Finally, the measures for reducing human error in building fire evacuation are discussed, and the mode and content of the evacuation education and training are emphatically discussed.