指示代词的类型和共性

Typology and universals of demonstrative pronouns

指示代词的类型,一般认为包括二分和多分两类,但是,这里有个指示代词多分或二分的内部一致性问题,即:如果指方所、人或物的指示代词是多分的,那么,指时间、性状程度或方式的指示代词是否同样也是多分的?本文主要从共性入手,探讨不同语言指示代词的类型问题。我们以多分与二分为变异因素,考察指方所、人或物、时间、性状程度或方式等指示代词的共性变异限度,限度的两极是全部多分(如哈尼语、黎语)与全部二分(如壮语、佤语),中间是不典型的多分或二分现象(部分多分、部分二分,如白语、基诺语)。这样做,就把共性与类型研究有机地联系在一起。本文还给出了倾向性明显的蕴涵共性序列:性状程度或方式>时间>人或物>方所。本文重视序列的连续性、空间性,并借助认知语言学的理论方法,分析了多分指示代词的象似性表现情况。

It is generally held that the demonstratives have two types: dichotomy and multi-division. But here is a problem of internal agreement in the dichotomy or multi-division of demonstratives. That is, are demonstratives denoting time, property, state, degree or manner also multi-divided, if demonstratives denoting place, person or thing are multi-divided? This paper aims, from the perspective of universals, at approaching the types of demonstratives in different languages. With multi-division and dichotomy as the variation factors, we'll investigate the universal variation limitations of demonstratives denoting location, person or thing, time, property, state, degree or manner and so on. The polarities of the limitations are whole multi-division (e. g. Hani language, Li language) and whole dichotomy (e.g. Zhuan language, Wa language), in between is atypical multi-division or dichotomy (partial multi-division, partial dichotomy, e.g. Bai language, Kino language). Thus the universals and types are related to each other organically. The sequence of implicational universals seems to have a clear tendency: property, degree or manner > time > person or thing > location. The continuousness and spatial character of the sequence are stressed. The iconicity of multi-divided demonstratives is also touched upon.