宋代郊祀大礼中的下层助祭官吏群体——以执事官和执事人为中心的考察

The Lower Deacons of the Grand Suburban Sacrifice Rituals in Song Dynasty

近年来,唐宋礼制史颇受学人关注,郊祀大礼是其中的重要内容。不过,既往研究更偏重于总论郊祀制度、探讨仪式仪节,并解读与之相关的皇权和政治文化问题,对参与大礼的官吏群体考察较少。实际上,级别较低的执事官和执事人常见诸史籍,其窠目、职责及员数都有较为明确的规定,是大礼仪式中不可或缺的基本助祭人群。执事官与执事人职责相类,主要负责器物的捧举递送,而在官吏身份和仪式环节上有所区分,其员数规模随时势和政治文化的演变而变化。通过对该群体的研究,可进一步探明宋代郊祀大礼的实际运作,并在一定程度上加深对礼的"当代性质"的认识。

In recent years,the study of ritual system in Tang and Song Dynasties has attracted much attention from scholars,among which the suburban sacrifices have become an important part.However,previous researches focus more on the rituals and the relevant issues of imperial power and political culture,but less on the participants.Even in the few studies,scholars tend to focus on the high-rankings.In fact,the executing officers and executing scribes often appears in historical records and they are indispensable basic power for an ritual.Their lists,duties and numbers are clearly stipulated.The deacons are mainly responsible for lifting and delivery of utensils.They can be divided into different groups by their titles and the number of deacons vary with the political and cultural situation.Through this study,we can explore the actual operation of suburban sacrifice rituals in Song Dynasty more further,and deepen our understanding about the property of contemporary within ancient Chinese rites.