磨沟墓地墓道埋人与殉人问题初步研究

Research the problems of human burials in shaft pits and human sacrifices in the Mogou cemetery

磨沟齐家文化墓地位于甘肃省临潭县境内,2008年以来进行大规模发掘。首次共发掘清理346座墓葬,墓葬结构与埋葬现象极为复杂,引起了学术界的广泛关注。其中,在数量占绝对优势的竖穴偏室墓中,墓道埋人现象较为常见,且埋葬特点不尽一致。在系统整理与分类考察的基础上,可以发现墓道葬人现象不仅葬式和分布位置具有多样性特点,而且形成原因也甚为复杂,往往与墓葬的埋葬过程及使用特点密切相关。进而,通过葬式、随葬品及其他现象的计量分析,明显可以把墓道埋人现象分为殉人类和非殉人类(正常埋葬)两大类,而殉人类占绝大多数。在此基础上,重新审视以往发现的成年男女合葬墓,则在埋葬方式与埋葬过程等方面揭示出以往关于女性为妻妾殉葬的论证并不充分。根据磨沟墓地墓道殉人现象与偏室合葬特点以及其他墓地成年男女合葬墓综合分析,可以认为齐家文化的殉人现象并不能用男尊女卑或等级观念来解释,而殉人现象出现与流行的原因可能与战争直接有关。

The Mogou cemetery of the Qijia culture,located in Lintan County,Gansu Province,has been excavated at large scales since 2008.The 346 tombs excavated in the first year have attracted broad academic attention because of their complex structures and burial rites.The side-chamber tombs,which are dominant in the cemetery,are particularly noteworthy because human bodies are commonly buried in the shaft pits that connect to the side chambers.A systematic analysis reveals that the shaft pit burials are highly varied in position and spatial pattern,which turn out to have resulted from the burial process.Moreover,a statistic analysis of burial position,funerary goods,and other rites comes to distinguish human sacrifice,which is prevalent,from normal inhumation among these burials.Given these discoveries,the previous discussion over the sacrificial nature of females in the joint burials of adult males and females appears to be unjustified.The human sacrifice found in the cemeteries of the Qijia culture,as our analyses indicate,has little to do with gender inequality in the early societies but has to do with warfare.