大同沙岭七号北魏墓壁画几则题材浅析

Analysis of Several Mural Painting Motifs of the Northern Wei Tomb No.7 of Shaling in Datong

大同沙岭七号墓是一座北魏平城时代早期的壁画墓葬。对甬道两侧镇墓武士和怪兽形象,甬道上部伏羲、女娲、摩尼宝珠与升龙,墓室后壁墓主人夫妇并坐、鞍马牛车、大树,墓室壁面上部升天仆从与奇禽异兽的分析表明,以拓跋鲜卑为首的北方草原民族上层人物在北魏尚未完全统一黄河流域之际就在丧葬文化方面大力吸收了华夏民族的传统文化因素。之所以如此,一方面是因为华夏民族在汉晋十六国时期已形成成熟的图像和文本知识系统,另一方面是由于汉晋十六国时期华夏民族的天地观与北方草原民族的萨满信仰有诸多相似之处。

The tomb No.7 of Shaling in Datong belongs to the earlier period of the Pingcheng Era,Northern Wei Dynasty.Based on the analysis of mural painting motifs of guardians and beasts along the corridor,the Fuxi,Nüwa,Mani treasure and dragon motifs on the roof of the corridor,the tomb owner couples on the back wall of the tomb chamber,ox cart and saddled horse,big tree,ascenting attendants and various kinds of beasts on the upper part of the wall,we can confirm that the top people of the nomadic tribes,especially the Tuoba Xianbei,had already try to take the traditional elements of the Huaxia people in funeral culture before they unified the Yellow River basin.Two reasons could explain this.On one hand,the Huaxia people had the already formed mature pictorial and text knowledge system in Han,Jin and Sixteen Kingdoms period.On the other hand,the cosmology of the Huaxia people during the Han,Jin and Sixteen Kingdoms period had many similarities with the Shamanism which is popular in the northern nomadic tribes.