社会控制视阈下清朝对云贵地区土司问题的治理

The Management of Qing Dynasty over Chieftain Issues of Yunnan and Guizhou Areas from the Perspective of Social Control

清代前期土司问题逐渐演变为云贵地区严峻的社会问题,为加强对南方蛮夷地区控制,稳固边疆统治,清廷因势而动,对土司问题的施治态度呈现由“软”及“硬”的转变。同时清廷将土司问题看作“系统性”问题,多措并举、综合施策,灵活运用前馈控制、制度控制、教化控制、弹压控制、设治控制等多种社会控制手段,取得了积极的社会控制效果,使土司问题得到有效缓解,并最终完成了清代云贵地区一次重大的社会变革。中国古代虽无“社会控制”之名,但有“社会控制”之实。梳理古代王朝国家边疆治理和社会控制的思想和实践,对创新当前社会治理,提升政府社会治理能力具有一定启示和借鉴作用。

The chieftain issue has gradually became a severe social problem of Yunnan and Guizhou areas in the earlier stage of Qing dynasty. In order to strengthen the control of southern minority areas and steady the government of frontier, Qing government has changed the governing attitude which transformed from"soft" to "hard". Meanwhile, Qing government regarded the chieftain issue as a systematical problem, and took many effective and comprehensive measures which flexibly used feedforward control, system control, civilizing control, suppressing control, management control. Positive social control effect has been gained which alleviated the chieftain issue and finally finally completed an important social reform in Yunnan and Guizhou areas. "Social Control" was not that famous but always taken as the foundation in the ancient China. Teasing the thoughts and practices of frontier management and social control in ancient states has enlightening and referencing effect on innovating current social management and promoting the social management ability of government.