添加秸秆与氮肥用量对冬小麦产量及其构成因素的影响

Effects of straw returning and nitrogen rate on yield and its components in winter wheat

【目的】探讨添加秸秆与氮肥用量对小麦产量、干物质转运和氮肥利用效率的影响,为确立秸秆还田条件下小麦的高产稳产栽培技术提供参考。【方法】选用宁麦16为试验对象,采用盆栽试验,设置秸秆和氮肥2个因素,其中秸秆设添加(26g/盆)和不添加2个水平,氮肥设5个水平,其小麦全生育期的施氮量分别为0,0.08,0.12,0.16,0.20g/kg,共计10个处理,测定不同处理下小麦产量及其构成因素,以及干物质转运和氮素利用效率的变化,最后对添加秸秆、氮肥用量及其二者的交互作用效应量进行计算。【结果】无论添加秸秆与否,小麦籽粒产量均随着氮肥用量的增加呈先增加后降低趋势,施氮均能显著提高小麦籽粒产量。添加秸秆可以显著提高小麦籽粒千粒质量。随着氮肥用量的增加,小麦花前贮藏干物质转运量表现为先升高后下降,而花前贮藏干物质转运效率及其对籽粒产量贡献率均明显下降。小麦各生育阶段氮素累积量和花前氮素转运量随氮肥用量的增加而增大,而花后累积氮素对籽粒氮贡献率显著上升。随着氮肥用量的提高,氮肥农学效率总体呈下降趋势,而氮肥表观回收效率在各氮肥处理间无显著差异。效应量分析表明,氮肥水平效应量大于添加秸秆以及添加秸秆×氮肥水平交互效应,而添加秸秆对小麦千粒质量和氮肥农学效率有显著影响。【结论】在添加秸秆条件下配施氮肥可以提高小麦产量、干物质转运和氮肥利用率,有利于小麦产量和品质形成。

【Objective】This paper investigated the effects of straw returning and nitrogen rate on wheat yield components,dry matter accumulation,nitrogen translocation and utilization efficiency.【Method】To investigate the effects of straw returning,nitrogen rate,and their interaction on yield,yield components,dry matter transfer and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat,apot experiment with Niingmai 16 was conducted.Two straw returning treatments(straw returning(26g/pot)and no straw returning)and five nitrogen levels(0,0.08,0.12,0.16 and 0.20g/kg)were tested.【Result】No matter returning straw or not,the wheat grain yield increased first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen rate and nitrogen rate enhanced grain yield of wheat significantly.Straw returning increased the 1 000-grain weight significantly.With the increase of nitrogen rate,the translocation amount of pre-anthesis dry matter increased first and then decreased,while translocation efficiency of pre-anthesis dry matter and its contribution to grain yield decreased significantly.Accumulation amount of nitrogen at each growth stage and translocation amount at pre-anthesis increased when nitrogen rate increased.However,the contribution of post-anthesis nitrogen accumulation to grain nitrogen increased significantly.Although high nitrogen level decreased nitrogen agronomic efficiency,the apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency showed insignificantly difference.Effect size analysis indicated that the effect size of nitrogen levels was superior to that of straw returning and their interaction,and straw returning had significant influence on 1 000-grain weight and nitrogen agronomic efficiency.【Conclusion】Applying nitrogen fertilizer under straw returning condition had positive effects on wheat yield,dry matter translocation and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency,and was helpful to yield and quality formation of wheat.