关于古代“七夕诗”的几种创作现象

Several Creation Phenomena on the Ancient “Qixi” Poems

西汉宫廷中用"乞巧"的办法改变了民间七夕牵牛织女传说带有叛逆性的主导思想。东汉时随着政治中心的东移而传至中原,以后"乞巧"节俗在上层社会传开,并渐次传至民间。东晋、南北朝时出现了较多的文人七夕诗,民间七夕歌也出现。南北朝以前七夕诗仍主要以牛女相会为题材,此后以乞巧活动为题材的作品逐渐增加。文人们由于游学、仕宦等原因往往长久在外,夫妻分离,仕途中也难免有不顺之处,而这些都不便直接表现,所以常在七夕借牛女以抒怀,或借"巧""拙"等题目抒发个人的愤懑与不满。因为借题发挥,一些青年文人也希望借乞巧活动以增加文才与文运,故文人聚会吟诗或个人沉思抒情之事多,七夕节实际上成了一年中文人们创作最活跃的一天。同题共作、拟古、唱和、赠答,以及唱和中的和韵、次韵等现象很突出。因此,七夕节不仅是女儿节,实际上也成了中国古代的一个诗人节。

In the royal court of Western Han Dynasty,Qiqiao was used to change the rebellions thoughts in the legend of'Cowherd and Weaving Girl'.In the Eastern Han Dynasty,it was transmitted to the Central Plains with the eastward movement of political center.Later,the Qiqiao Festival spread in the upper-class society,and gradually to ordinary people.During the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Northern and Southern Dynasties,there were more Literati Qixi poems and folk Qixi songs.Before the Southern and Northern Dynasties,the Qixi poems still mainly focused on the theme of the Cowherd and Weaving Girl in date,then the works with the theme of Qiqiao customs gradually increased.Due to traveling and working outside,the literates couldn’t directly express their feelings of long-term separation with wife and unsatisfactory official career.Therefore,they often express personal anger and dissatisfaction by the legend of'Cowherd and Weaving Girl'or topics as the'skillful'and'clumsy'.Some young literates also hoped to increase their literary talents by participating in Qiqiao activities.They gathered together to wrote poems or expressed their personal feelings.As a result,the Qixi Festival actually became the most active day for literates to writes poems,in which writing poems with the same topic,imitating the ancient poems,singing and versifying(especially rhyming).Therefore,Qixi Festival is not only a day for the girls,but also a festival for poets in ancient China.