“云南小麦”(Triticum aestivum ssp.yun-nanense King)的考察与研究

EXPEDITION AND INVESTIGATION OF YUNNAN WHEAT(TRITICUM AESTIVUM SSP.YUNN ANENSE KING)

1979年和1980年我们对金善宝教授命名的“云南小麦”亚种进行了考察和研究。查明“云南小麦”分布在云南省澜沧江和怒江下游十二个县,约在北纬22°54′—25°03′和东经95°36°—100°85′左右。“云南小麦”生长在海拔1500米至2500米之间的高山区,而以1900米至2300米地带种植较多。原产地年均温15℃、年雨量1480mm 左右。小麦苗期和成熟期正置雨季,而孕穗至灌浆期处于旱季。晚熟,生育前期尤长。在原产地九、十月播种,二月拔节,三、四月抽穗,五、六月成熟。能避抗一月重霜,耐瘠,抗穗发芽,抗鸟兽害。穗长芒、短芒或无芒。颖有毛或无毛,有白、红、黑壳白底、白壳黑边、白壳黑斑等色。粒红色(过去曾发现白色的)。已定名十六个变种,其中此次新定名十个变种。经种间杂交和根尖细胞学观察,确定它具有 AABBDD 染色体组,并认为它在小麦属中的地位是一个原始栽培六倍体种。如按新分类法,即染色体组相同的都属一个种,则“云南小麦”是普通小麦的云南小麦亚种。

Yunnan Wheat is endemic in Yunnan province of China.It was disco-vercd and named by Prof.King Shanbao in 1959.At that time six varie-ties were recognized.Scientific expeditions of Yunnan Wheat in its gro-wing area were carried out in 1979-1980.Meanwhile morphological,cy-tological and genetical investigations as well as agronomic studies weremade.Yunnan Wheat is distributed in 12 counties of lower reaches of theLanchankiang and Nukiang rivers,the southwestern part of Yunnan pro-vince,about 22°54′-25°03′ N and 95°36′-100°85′E.It is grown at highelevations,about 1,500-2,500 meters above the sea level,on barrenmountain slopes,and on exposed areas in the forest,where the weatheris cool,foggy and moist.The ear of Yunnan Wheat is fusiform to cone-shaped,possessing fra-gile rachis which will break under a slight pressure.The mode of disar-ticulation of rachis is below the pedicel.The glumes are very tough,hard and the grains are firmly covered by the glumes.Yunnan Wheatis characterized by its good tolerance to poor soil fertility,drought andfrost,good quality and late maturity.Polymorphism of Yunnan Wheat was apparently demonstrated.Six-teen varieties were identified.Chromosome number of root tip cells was2n=42.It was a hexaploid with AABBDD genome as shown by interspe-cific hybridizations.According to the above mentioned studies,YunnanWheat is a primitive hexaploid different considerably from-T.spelta andT.macha and is therefore named as T.aestivum ssp.yunnanense King.