表意瑕疵视角下除斥期间规则的构建与适用——以《民法总则》第152条为中心

The Construction and Application of Rule on Preclusive Period from the Perspective of Defective Declarations of Will:Focusing on Article 152 of General Provisions of the Civil Law

表意瑕疵的类型差异决定了当事人之间可归责性与保护必要性的差异。统一的主观除斥期间并不可取,而应结合具体的表意瑕疵类型对主观除斥期间作不同设计。《民法总则》第152条采取的立法模式在路线上虽大体正确,但仍显粗糙,应予以细化。应针对'过失误导'创设独立的主观除斥期间,同时为重大误解情形创设独立的客观除斥期间。对于主观除斥期间,当事人存在较大的自治空间;5年的客观除斥期间表现出'半强制性',在无碍于法的安定性的前提下,可予以缩短。在欺诈、胁迫和显失公平的情形中,1年的除斥期间可以发生中止,但不能中断。对于5年的客观除斥期间,不适用中止或中断的规定,但在特殊情况下可予以延长。

The differences between defective declarations of will determine the differences on the imputability and the necessity of protection between the parties.The unified subjective preclusive period is not desirable.Instead,it should design different subjective preclusive period according to the specific type of defective declarations of will.Although the legislative model adopted in Article 152 of General Provisions of the Civil Law is generally correct in terms of route,it should still be refined so that to create an independent subjective preclusive period for'negligent misdirection'and creating an independent objective preclusive period for major misunderstandings.For the subjective preclusive period,the parties have a larger space for self-government.The five-year objective preclusive period shows'semimandatory',which can be shortened without prejudice to the stability of the law.In cases of fraud,coercion and unfairness,the one-year preclusive exclusion can be suspended but not interrupted.For the five-year objective preclusive period,suspension or interruption is impossible,but it can be extended in special circumstances.