日本保险的自由化及其限制——以《保险业法》制度变迁为切入点

Japan's Insurance Regulatory Liberalization and Restriction:Taking the Transformation of Japanese Insurance Law as the Viewpoint

日本的战后型保险系统采用实体监管,以"同一商品,同一价格"限制保险业竞争,实现保险业的稳健运行。随着保险自由化的兴起,日本的保险严格监管开始松动,《保险业法》从1996年到2016年进行了13次修订,通过扩大保险公司的经营范围,以子公司的方式兼营生命保险与损害保险,实行第三领域保险的自由化,允许金融混业经营的放开和银行销售保险的解禁,引入保险经纪人制度,缓和生命保险销售人专属制,推动保险自由化的发展。与此同时,以经营信息披露义务和信息提供义务强化保险信息的披露,以保护保险消费者,并以偿付能力基准、早期修正制、标准责任准备金等制度,对保险自由化予以一定的限制,防范保险财务风险,以宽严相济的适度保险监管模式,保障经营健全性和日本保险业的有序发展。

Japan’s post-war insurance system adopts entity supervision to restrict competition in the insurance industry by'same commodity and same price'and achieves stable operation of the insurance industry.With the rise of insurance liberalization,Japan’s insurance supervision began to loosen.From 1996 to 2016,Japanese Insurance Law was made 13 revisions.The business scope of insurance companies was expanded,life insurance and damage insurance were allowed to sale by subsidiaries of insurance companies,the liberalization of insurance in the third field was carried out.By untying the restriction of financial mixed operations and insurance sales in bank,Japan has introduced an insurance broker system and eased the exclusive system of life insurance sellers to promote the development of insurance liberalization.At the same time,with business information disclosure obligation and provision enhancement,with system of solvency,early revision,standard liability reserve,etc.,and with an appropriate insurance supervision model,Japan successfully protected insurance consumers,restricted and prevented insurance financial risks,and ensured the soundness of management and the orderly development of the Japanese insurance industry as well.