可罚性阻却事由与犯罪概念二元化初探——兼论轻微犯罪的类型与制裁

The Deterrence of Criminal Punishability and the Duality of Crime Concept:Also on the Type and Sanctions of Minor Offenses

与构成要件该当性、违法性或责任的量有关的可罚性阻却事由应该还原至犯罪成立要件中。而与犯罪行为没有直接关系,只不过是单纯反映预防必要性程度的可罚性阻却事由,是否应该作为独立的犯罪成立要件来对待,取决于是否要在"观念上的犯罪"之外另承认"处遇上的犯罪"这一概念。对犯罪概念做出二元化的区分,既有助于厘清目前为止暧昧不清的犯罪概念,明晰有关可罚性的各种讨论,又有利于更为妥当地解读现行规定,并设计出更加具有针对性的犯罪制裁措施。根据二元的犯罪概念,轻微犯罪可以分为三种类型,应该针对不同类型考虑与之相适应的刑事制裁。针对轻微犯罪的行政制裁未必就是刑罚的补充,也存在着当行政制裁不够充分时才考虑动用刑罚来进行补充的情形。

The deterrence of criminal punishability, which is related to the degree of Tatbestandsm(a|¨)βigkeit,Rechtswidrigkeit or Schuld, should be reduced to the establishment elements of a crime. On the other hand,whether the deterrence of criminal punishability, which is not directly related to the act of crime, but simply reflects the degree of Prevention necessity, should be treated as an independent establishment element, depending on the decision, whether the concept of "crime in treatment" will be admitted beyond the concept of "crime in concept". The duality of crime concept, can help us to clarify the ambiguous concept of crime and various discussion about punishability, then help to facilitate a more appropriate interpretation on the existing provisions and design more targeted criminal sanctions. According to the duality of crime concept, minor offenses can be divided into three types, and sanctions should be considered for different types.The administrative sanctions for minor offenses may not be a supplement to the penalties, and there are situations in which the penalties are used when the administrative sanctions are inadequate.