清代立法分权:地方省例对中央极权的碎片化

The decentralization of the Qing dynasty: the fragmentation of the central police by local provincial cases

清末地解天崩,社会转型,考其遽变,乃自立法分权始。作为地方立法对大清中央极权立的补充和发展,清代省例,本质上开始了对皇家极权机制碎片化的分权。所谓省例,是以地方事务性为范对象、以地方性行政法规为主体、兼含少量地方或区域性特别法的一种法规汇编,在各行省或州府乃至县之司法、行政过程中具有重要的司法指导与规制作用。在地方立法主体上,省例不是出自中下或基层政官员之手,而是以地方大员中地位最高的行省长官为主要制定者。在地方性的行政法规中,省例作为名义上维系中央法的地方立法创新,既有浓郁的地方州府特色及区域民族差异,又有实质上抵触中央极政治之法律价值。总之,清代地方立法对中央极权分权的滥觞与形成,已经开始动摇清代极权体制正当的法理基础。

It is the beginning of the legislative branch to solve the collapse of the day and the transformation of society. As the supplement and development of the local legislation to the central government of the Qing dynasty,the Qing dynasty was essentially a decentralization of the royal totalitarian mechanism. So-called provincial example, based on local transactional specification object, to the local administrative regulations as the main body,and contain small amounts of local or regional special a statute book, in all of the states or provinces and cities and counties is important in the process of judicial and administrative judicial guidance and regulation effect. Cases in the local legislative subjects, the province is not in middle or administrative officials at the grass-roots level,but with the highest status among governors chief province as the main makers. Cases in local administrative regulations, the province for nominal sustain the central method innovation, local legislation has full-bodied local state characteristic and regional ethnic differences, and essentially contradict the law of totalitarian political value. In conclusion, the beginning and formation of local legislation on the decentralization of power in the Qing dynasty have begun to undermine the legal basis of the legitimacy of the Qing dynasty.