德国刑法中的不能未遂——一个学术史的考察

On Attempting the Impossible in German Criminal Law Theory——an analysis on academic history

对不能未遂之可罚性的研究,德国刑法理论中蕴含丰富的理论资源。不能未遂可罚性的学说呈现为"客观说——主观说——限定主观说"的趋势,立法、司法裁判和主流观点均持主观理论,且作必要的客观限定。作为不能未遂的可罚性根据,客观未遂论与主观未遂论都具有部分合理性,且分别都难以对德国偏主观的未遂犯立法进行全面解释,综合未遂论应运而生。当前,从教义学外部视角反思不能未遂的立法现象,德国学者创造性地提出双轨制方案、规范违反理论、破坏承认关系理论和未遂的经济学解释,但仍与传统教义学基本立场难以完全弥合。纵观德国刑法不能未遂的学术史可以发现,德国不能未遂解释立场受制于其立法规定和司法实践,仍然未能在现代刑法教义学立场上得到完全解释。不能未遂的可罚性,在体系性角度归属于构成要件符合性判断,是规范与事实之间的"距离"判断。从方法上,不能未遂可罚性的限定必须借助于危险概念。

In research of Attempting the impossible, there are abundant theories in German criminal law. The theories of Attempting the impossible developed from objective theories to subjective theories, and finally to limited subjective theories. Aiming on punishing ground of attempting the impossible, neither objective theories nor subjective theories are absolute reasonable. Thus, comprehensive theories were developed. People argued about new theories,such as "two-track punishing system","norm-violate theory","theory of breaking the admitting relationship", and so on. However, those theories are still not sufficient for the German legislation on attempting the impossible. Systematically speaking, the punishing ground of attempting the impossible affiliated from the stage of Tatbestandmaessigkeit. The essence of the question is about the legislative distance from law regulations to facts. Danger-analysis shall be the basic method for the judgment of the punishing range on attempting the impossible.