行政不作为构成要件体系的重构

The Reconstruction of the Elements of Administrative Omission

在现代风险社会,政府具有安全保障职责,这给行政不作为的识别带来了困难。行政主体负有作为义务,这是成立行政不作为的前提条件。行政主体怠于履行作为义务,这是行政不作为发生的核心要件。行政主体有无履行的现实可能性,这是行政不作为构成要件中有责性要件。行政机关负有作为义务的来源,主要源自法律规范、行政规范、行政行为、行政契约与先行行为。行政主体怠于履行作为义务的阻却事由应仅限于发生了不可抗力。在危险防止型行政不作为,"行政主体有无履行的现实可能性"之要件的判断应通过个案情形中危险发生的预见可能性,避免损害发生可能性和公权发动期待可能性的权衡来实现。

In the modern risk-society, the government should be responsible for the guarantee of security, which brings difficulties to the identification of administrative omission. It is the prerequisite for the establishment of administrative omission that the administrative subjects bear the obligations. The central element is that the administrative subjects are slack to perform the obligations. Whether the administrative subjects have the actual possibility to perform the duties should be regarded as the element of responsibility. The obligations mainly originate from legal norms, administrative norms, administrative actions, administrative contracts and antecedent actions. Force majeure is the only elimination of being slack to perform the obligations for administrative subjects. As for the risk-prevention type of administrative omission, we should consider three factors to judge the actual possibility to perform the duties of action, the foreseeable possibility of the occurrence in specific cases, the possibility to avoid damages and the anticipated possibility of the application of public power.