社会决定下的安乐死非罪化路径

Decriminalization of Euthanasia on the Path of Social Decision

安乐死作为终末期医疗的重要组成部分,应通过刑法理论分析其非罪化根源并探索相应的出罪路径。安乐死的分类方面,传统的二分法无助于理论与实践,应借鉴德国的三分法区分方式。具体非罪化方面,总体上安乐死应当作为违法阻却事由而出罪,人权论的自我决定说虽有可取之处,但仅凭自我决定论不足以充实安乐死的合法内涵,自我决定与社会决定的双重认可才是违法阻却的判断标准。社会决定作为公议的评价过程应当注重其谦抑性,对自我决定起到补足作用。在制度构建方面,应注重国家平台、社会参与与科学公理三方面因素。例如设立安乐死疾病列表、科主任审查监督和安乐死委员会常态审批等符合中国国情的安乐死规范制度等。同时推广安乐死理念教育,逐步推进中国安乐死合法化进程。

The traditional dichotomy of euthanasia is not helpful in its theory and practice while the tracheotomy adopted in German should be the reference. As for the decriminalization, euthanasia generally shall be non-guilty as a justifiable cause. Though the self-determination theory on human rights has redeeming features, individual decision alone falls short of supporting legality of euthanasia. Double recognitions from both individuals and the society should be the norm for judging its decriminalization. As mass discussion, social decision shall pay attention to its restraining principle in the course of assessment and play a supplementary role for individual decision. In the aspect of system building, the reviewing and examining process conducted by public authority and the third party shall be induced, for example, formulating a disease list for euthanasia, establishing directorreviewing-and-supervising rule, euthanasia committee and its standing approval system as well as other rules and regulations for euthanasia that conform to China's national conditions.