侵权责任中定限额赔偿立法例之探讨

The Theories of Legislation for Maximum Amount of Compensation or Fixed Compensation in Tort Liability Law

民事损害赔偿法的基本作用之一为全部赔偿原则,意即是以回复或填补被害人所受之损害为基础,但观台湾地区有关特别性且个别性之侵权行为责任规范,却有因特殊责任原因事由,对被害人之损害赔偿请求,设有赔偿最高限额和定额赔偿之例外规定。定限额赔偿之规范,使得损害赔偿法中填补被害人所生损害之固有原则为之崩解,或有论者表示设定最高限额和定额赔偿规范之目的,系因危险或无过失置入之故,然过失责任与无过失责任为侵权行为责任法中之双轨制度,无过失责任亦为真正责任,故损害赔偿之方法自当采取全部赔偿原则。定限额赔偿与无过失责任之本质无关,毋宁是立法者因风险控制所为之政策思考。

One of the basic functions of the system of damage for compensation in the part of obligations of Taiwan’s'Civil Code'is the principle of full compensation,which seeks to put the victim in the position he was in before the tort.However,legal practices have shown,that this the general rule,which entails certain exceptions to the maximum amount of compensation and fixed compensation.Some scholars have emphasized that setting the maximum amount of compensation and fixed compensation in tort law is based on the nature of no-fault liability.The fault liability and the no-fault liability are the two-track system in the tort liability law,and the no-fault liability is also the real responsibility.Therefore,the method of damage compensation should adopt the principle of full compensation.The reason why lawmakers adopt the legislative model for damages with a fixed amount is not because of the nature of no-fault liability,but rather the policy of risk management.