开放性构成要件理论的透析与批判

Analysis and Criticism on the Theory of Open Constitutive Elements

韦尔策尔提出的开放性构成要件理论一直饱受批评与质疑,该理论虽然在德国实务界得到过个别司法判例的承认,但理论界对此基本都持否定的态度。然而理论上的部分否定之观点却存在学理上的瑕疵,并且对于该理论的批评也仅局限于责任主义原则之违反、构成要件之违法推定机能的消解以及保障机能的倒退等方面。因此,为明确该理论之本质,还应从汉语文字、哲学基础与方法论、构成要件实质化的语境、法治国原则与实用主义刑法观、理论应用于实践的进路、刑事诉讼价值与刑事证明标准等角度进行全面分析,并且以不成文的构成要件要素与对整体行为的评价性要素为理论基点,积极地寻求开放性构成要件理论的替代性措施,即只有将不成文的构成要件要素与'对整体行为的评价性要素'相结合才能有效地回应刑法中的'开放性'因素。

The theory of open constituent elements proposed by Welzel has been criticized and questioned.Although the theory has been recognized by individual judicial precedents in the German practice,it is basically negative in the theoretical circle.However,the theoretical partial negation has academic shackles,and the criticism of the theory is limited to the violation of the principle of responsibility,the elimination of the illegal presumption of the constituent elements,and the reversal of the guarantee function.Therefore,in order to clarify the essence of the theory,it should also be based on Chinese characters,philosophical foundations and methodologies,the context of essential elements,the principle of the rule of law and the pragmatic view of pragmatism,the application of theory to practice,the value of criminal proceedings and criminal proof.A comprehensive analysis of the standard and other angles,and with the unwritten elements of the elements of the elements and the evaluation elements of the overall behavior as the theoretical basis,actively seek for alternative measures of the open component theory,that is,only the unwritten elements of the elements and The combination of'evaluation elements of overall behavior'can effectively respond to the'openness'factor in criminal law.