吐鲁番出土双头鸟纹样与佛教“共命鸟”无涉

The Double-Headed Bird Pattern on the two Embroideries Unearthed in Turpan

近年来,新疆维吾尔自治区吐鲁番市阿斯塔那墓地出土过两件高昌郡时期的"鸟龙卷草纹刺绣",其主题纹样都是双头同体鸟,这两幅刺绣上的双头鸟纹样被命名为"共命鸟",这是不妥的。"鸟龙卷草纹刺绣"所在历史时期,佛教对高昌郡葬俗影响不足,并且刺绣的图案主体是双头同体鸟,用热烈的红色做绢地,是一种吉祥、欢乐、幸福的象征,与佛教观念追求异趣。结合双头鸟双头同体的形象和中国古代有关文献,可推断出,这两幅刺绣上的双头鸟形象是古代中国人民从求孕、求育、求子嗣繁衍观念引申而来的与祈求夫妇和谐、多子多福有关的文化符号,是高昌人民追求生活幸福的象征。

The double-headed bird pattern in the two embroideries unearthed in Turpan is dated back to the time when Gaochang State reigned there, but is not proper to name it as Jivajivaka. When the embroidery was done, Buddhism was not very influential in Gaochang State; furthermore, the pattern against the red background has auspicious and happy implications, which is different from what Buddhism aspires for. The pattern has a long history in China and was widely spread. Images of double-headed birds and relevant ancient Chinese documents suggest that the doubleheaded bird on these two embroideries is probably associated with fertility worship in ancient China.