义理不纯与文辞华妙——论朱熹对苏轼著述的批判及其原因

Inexact Philosophical Connotations and Grandiose Words——Zhu Xi's Criticism of Su Shi's Writings

朱熹认为苏轼的义理学说,言性命流入佛老,论义利沦为纵横,并非纯粹的儒者之学。对苏轼的文辞,朱熹虽然有所批评,但以称赏为主。他认为苏轼文辞伟丽、笔力雄健,其古文可以纳入文章正统的谱系之中。由于朱熹以义理为第一义,以文辞为第二义,这就决定了他对苏轼的著述主要持批判态度而非肯定态度,而且前后一以贯之,没有根本性变化。其批判的现实原因是苏文在科场中影响巨大,其根本原因则在于朱熹以同至一善为目标,与苏轼各存其美的态度不同。朱熹一味强调善、甚至以善为美的态度,使得美、善两者发生冲突。他对苏轼著述特别是义理的批判有失偏颇,值得反思。

Zhu Xi believed that Su Shi’s theory of philosophical connotations slipped into the Buddhism and Taoism in terms of the Doctrine of Humanity and Destiny,and tended to be the political strategies in terms of the discussion of occurrences.He repeatedly praised him for his superior wordings and writing style,and stated that his works could be included in the orthodox pedigree of articles.Holding that the philosophical connotations was the first and the literariness the second,Zhu Xi was generally critical of Su Shi’s writings.Su Shi was influential in the imperial examination circle.Zhu Xi aimed to one specific standard of kindness,while Su Shi believed that kindness itself could be diverse.Zhu Xi’s emphasized on goodness,and his opinion regarding kindness as beauty led to the conflict between beauty and kindness.His criticism of Su Shi’s writings,especially about the philosophical connotations,was biased and worthy of reflections.