评美国传闻证据规则宽松化现象——以誓证书、声明书传闻的采纳为分析起点

近几十年来,美国证据法传闻证据规则的适用出现了宽松化的现象。学术界对传闻证据规则的正当性展开了批评;立法者采用了相对宽泛的兜底传闻例外规则;美国司法实践中在非庭审程序大量采纳传闻证据。这些现象引发了一个判断:美国传闻证据规则在消亡。但是这个判断仅仅看到美国传闻证据规则适用的宽松化现象,没有看到其严格的限定条件。当前,交叉询问仍然是美国证据法下验证证据可信性的根本方法,而交叉询问要求证人必须出庭作证,因此传闻证据规则虽然在适用上存在宽松化的表现,但它仍然是美国证据法的基本规则。

In recent decades,US hearsay rule has been applied with flexibility.The legalists criticized its ground,the legislation expanded the residual hearsay exception,and the judiciaries admitted hearsay in hearings and other pro-ceeding exception for trials.This phenomenon leads to an finding that the hearsay rule is going to clasped.However,those who find that see only the phenomenon,but not the strict requirement of admitting hearsay.Now,cross-examination is still the basic method of testing evidence,which requires the witness be in the trial,thus even though hearsay rule is not applied strictly,it is still the fundamental rule of American Evidence Rules.