受助者结果类型对亲社会表现的影响:成人与儿童的对比研究

The Contrast Effect of the Recipient's Outcomes on Prosocial Performance between Adults and Children

亲社会表现是指人们在社会交往中表现出来的谦让、帮助、合作、分享等行为,其影响机制受到广泛关注。本文通过两个研究(分别以大学生和二、四、六年级小学生为研究对象)探讨了受助者结果类型(受助者获得积极结果vs.受助者避免消极结果)对亲社会表现的影响。结果显示:(1)受助者避免消极结果条件比受助者获得积极结果条件诱发成人更高的亲社会意愿和行为;(2)六年级儿童帮助他人避免消极结果的亲社会意愿更强、情绪更积极;(3)相对于帮助他人避免消极结果,二年级儿童更倾向于帮助他人获得积极结果。这些结果说明受助者结果类型影响个体的亲社会表现(包括亲社会行为、亲社会意愿、亲社会情绪),并且这种影响因成人和儿童有所不同:成人和年长儿童表现出亲社会损失规避现象,年幼儿童则表现出相反效应。

Prosocial performance refers to a broad category of actions that benefit other people or the society.The mechanisms underlying prosocial performance is a hot topic.Compared with other factors that affect prosocial performance,prosocial outcomes relatively received less attention.This research explored the effects of the recipient’s outcomes(prosocial gains vs.prosocial non-losses)and age on prosocial performance.The results revealed that,(1)for adults,prosocial non-losses induced more prosocial performance than prosocial gains;(2)for Grade six children,the prosocial willingness to help others avoid negative outcomes was stronger;(3)Grade two children were more willing to help others gain positive outcomes.These results suggest that the recipient’s outcomes produced an effect on prosocial performance,and only adults and old children exhibit prosocial loss aversion.