内隐序列学习中的渐进意识:来自习得知识的发展与遗忘的证据

Graded Consciousness in Implicit Sequence Learning:Evidences from the Development and Forgetting Characteristics of Acquired Knowledge

内隐学习中的意识研究从二分取向发展到渐进取向,而内隐序列学习进程中习得知识是否也具有渐进特征呢?本研究采用序列反应时范式和片段再认任务通过操纵学习进程(实验1)和学测时间间隔(实验2)来考察内隐序列学习进程中习得知识的发展与遗忘,结果发现,(1)内隐序列学习中习得的无意识知识多于意识知识;(2)随着学习的推进,意识知识逐渐增加,而无意识知识则呈减弱趋势,证实了内隐学习的渐进意识特征;(3)习得的无意识知识具有抗遗忘性,而意识知识在间隔8小时之后开始会出现遗忘。

The study of consciousness evolved from a dichotomy to a progressive orientation.Usually,the consciousness of knowledge acquired from implicit learning was measured via two experimental logics,task dissociation paradigm and process dissociation procedure.The former logic emphasized the dualistic separation of consciousness and unconsciousness,while the latter one emphasizes the quantitative gradient of them.The gradient of consciousness and unconsciousness included both the development of acquired knowledge as the learning level deepened during learning,and the disappearance or enhancement of memory traces after learning.In order to uncover the gradient of consciousness and unconsciousness in implicit sequence learning,the degree of learning and the time interval between acquisition and testing were manipulated to explore the dynamic development and forgetting of conscious knowledge and unconscious knowledge acquired from implicit sequence learning.In this study,conscious knowledge and unconscious knowledge were measured by segment recognition task.Among them,conscious knowledge=p(hit)-p(false alarm)/2,and unconscious knowledge=(p(false alarm)/2)/(1-the value of conscious knowledge).Experiment 1 investigated the development of knowledge acquired from implicit sequence learning with two blocks,four blocks,six blocks,eight blocks or twelve blocks in training phase.The result showed that only after BLK6 did participants’correct rate begin to be significantly higher than guess level(50%).Meanwhile,It came that the acquirement of conscious knowledge was more than the acquirement of unconscious knowledge.Moreover,With the advancement of learning,consciousness knowledge gradually increased,while unconscious knowledge tended to weaken,which confirmed the gradient characteristic of conscious in implicit learning.In experiment 2,we investigated the forgetting of conscious knowledge and unconscious knowledge acquired from implicit sequence learning with immediately,0.5 hours,1 hours,2 hours,4 hours,8 hours,24 hours,2 days or 7 days interval between training and testing.The result showed that the main effect of retention interval was significant.participants’correct rate was significantly higher than guessing level(50%)while the retention interval was from 0 to 4 hours.Meanwhile,participants’accuracy decreased to guessing level at the interval of 8 hours,and it was even lower than guessing level at the interval of either 2 or 7 days.It also showed that the main effect of retention interval for conscious knowledge reached a significant.Specially,conscious knowledge began to be forgotten until 8 hours interval between training and testing.Different to the above,the main effect of retention interval for unconscious knowledge acquired in implicit sequence learning was not significant,Which meant that unconscious knowledge was anti-forgetting.The theory of consciousness continuum proposed by Hobson(1997)can better explain the dynamic changes of consciousness knowledge and unconscious knowledge acquired in implicit sequence learning.