印(尼)马对抗与美印(尼)友好关系的断裂

Konfrontasi and the Rupture in the US-Indonesia Friendship

"印马对抗"是1963年印尼反对英国建立"大马来西亚"而引发的区域冲突,对美国与印尼关系的发展产生了重要影响。美国认为英国的"马来西亚"计划有利于东南亚地区的反共事业,但又不希望美印(尼)关系受干扰。为缓和区域紧张局势,同时为保障对印尼援助计划的顺利实施,肯尼迪政府曾向英国和马来西亚施压。肯尼迪总统遇刺成为美国处理印马争端政策的转折点。继任的约翰逊总统在尝试多方斡旋失败后,迅速转向公开支持马来西亚,导致美印(尼)友好关系在1964至1965年期间陷入破裂。美国的立场选择是引起两国关系恶化的直接原因,但更深层次的因素是印尼日益激进的革命外交与美国反共遏制战略之间出现严重冲突。

Konfrontasi,the Indonesian-Malaysian Confrontation,which resulted from Indonesia's protest to the British support to found "the Greater Malaysia"in 1963,had drastically shaped the US-Indonesia relations. The US believed that the Greater Malaysia,sponsored by Britain,would contribute to the anti-Communist campaign in Southeast Asia,but it was unwilling to sacrifice its friendship with Indonesia. In order to ease tensions in Southeast Asia and to ensure a smooth completion of the US program of aid to Indonesia,the Kennedy administration had put pressure on Britain and Malaysia. But Kennedy's assassination marked a turning point in the US policy toward Konfrontasi. After the Johnson administration took office and its efforts to resolve the confrontation through multi-party negotiations failed,America quickly decided to support Malaysia completely,which resulted in a rupture in the US-Indonesia friendship between 1964 and 1965. This paper argues that while the change of position on the part of the US was directly responsible for the deterioration of the US-Indonesia friendship,there was yet a deeper reason,i. e. the radical revolutionary diplomacy at that time conflicted seriously with the US anti-communist strategy.