以“普罗米修斯精神”超越启蒙人权话语——马克思人权思想的范式与逻辑

Transcending the Enlightenment Human Rights Discourse with the Spirit of Prometheus: The Paradigm and Logic of Marx's Human Rights Thought

对于构建中国人权话语而言,马克思的人权思想是一项非常重要的理论资源。然而,改革开放以来的中国学者对马克思人权思想的阐释,从一开始就存在着一种"启蒙范式"的理解路向,这使得以批判和超越启蒙人权话语为逻辑起点的马克思人权思想最终落入启蒙人权话语范式的桎梏之中。马克思的人权思想,实际上从根本上证伪了启蒙人权话语范式。对于马克思而言,生发自启蒙思想的人权话语,只是一个表达人权之低位标准的"老问题",局限于对异化之现实的承认和维护。而马克思显然不满足于这种低阶标准,并以"普罗米修斯精神"提出"人的解放"这一"新问题",在主体范式、价值范式和权利话语范式三个层面上超越了启蒙人权话语范式,从而对人权之理念内核做出了更加彻底的推进,亦为未来的人权实践提供了更加坚实的基础与先导性理论。这正是马克思人权思想留下的最宝贵遗产,它向我们表明,构建新时代中国人权话语体系,不应停留在启蒙人权话语中自我设限,而更应从"人类共同命运"这一更加宏大的立足点出发,去发现和解决真正事关人类共同价值的"新的真问题"。

Marx’s thought of human rights is a very important theoretical resource for constructing Chinese discourse system of human rights. However,since the reform and opening up,in the explanation of Marx ’s thought of human rights by Chinese scholars, there has been an understanding of the enlightenment paradigm. It makes Marx ’s human rights thoughts,which are based on criticism and transcend the enlightenment human rights discourse,finally fall into the paradox of the enlightenment human rights discourse paradigm. Actually,Marx’s human rights thoughts has falsified the paradigm of enlightenment human rights discourse. For Marx,the enlightenment of human rights discourse is only an'old question'that expresses the low standard of human rights and recognizes the alienation. Marx is obviously not satisfied with this low-level standard and puts forward the 'new question ' of 'human liberation' with the 'spirit of Prometheus '. His theory transcends the enlightenment human rights discourse paradigm on the three levels: subject paradigm,value paradigm and rights discourse paradigm.It has made a more thorough promotion of the core idea of human rights and provided a more solid foundation and leading theory for future human rights practice. The most precious legacy left by Marx’s human rights thought shows us that building Chinese human rights discourse system for a new era should not stop in the enlightenment human rights discourse,but should be based on a more ambitious from the'common destiny of mankind'to discover and address 'the new real problem'about common human values.