从错案责任制到司法责任制——理念与机制上的嬗变考

On the Changes in Ideas and System from the Responsibility of Misjudged Cases to the Judicial Responsibility System

20世纪90年代初期在我国开始实施的错案责任制虽然旨在约束司法队伍、规范司法活动,但在归责内涵上使用带有模糊性的词语,不利于制度整体的细化实施;在归责目的上体现出明显的行政化管制的倾向,没有尊重司法规律;在归责机制上不存在明确的免责事由等具体内容。错案责任制在很大程度上促成了"审者不判、判者不审"的尴尬局面。而十八大后所开始的司法改革,在充分尊重司法规律、反思司法实践的基础上,用司法责任制代替既往的错案责任制,在内涵、目的、机制等方面实现了革新。但是在新方案中,错案责任制的"影子"依旧存在,所以为了进一步保障司法改革的成效,可以再通过引入外部监督等三个方面来对司法责任制进行完善。

Since the early 1990 s, although the misjudged case responsibility system has been implemented in our country to restrain the judicial team and regulate judicial activities, the use of vague words in the connotation of imputation is not conducive to the overall refinement of the system. It shows a clear tendency of administrative control in the purpose of imputation, without respect for the Department. There are no specific reasons for exemption in the liability mechanism. The system of misjudged case liability has led to an embarrassing situation of 'judge not to determine and determined not to judge'. The judicial reform initiated after the 18 th National Congress, which on the basis of fully respecting judicial rules and reflecting on judicial practice, replaced the previous misjudged case responsibility system with the judicial responsibility system, and achieved innovation in connotation, purpose and mechanism. But in the new scheme, the 'shadow' of the misjudged case responsibility system still exists, so in order to further guarantee the effectiveness of judicial reform, we can improve the judicial responsibility system by introducing external supervision and through other three aspects.