控制、关系、符号:关于镜头媒介属性与传播效果的技术史考察

Control,Relation,Symbols: A Technological Inspection to the Media Attributes and Communication Effects of Camera Lens

长期以来,镜头被视为创作者与观众之间共享的一套稳定的表意机制。然而,近些年来的社交短视频对这种表意机制带来了显著冲击,也引发了对于镜头在新技术和新环境中的媒介属性和传播效果的争论。本文对电影诞生以来镜头的使用与效果展开技术史的考察,尝试为理解上述争论提供历史的语境和视角。本文将媒介属性理解为基于特定使用方式下的一种建构。虽然镜头的光学原理提供了对于现实的精确复制的'初始属性',但在不同的历史时期和创作实践中,镜头被特定的使用方式建构出其他的媒介属性,并发挥了特定的功能。这包括了对观者注意力进行有效控制,征用日常社会生活经验并为观者和拍摄对象建立特定关系,以及通过蒙太奇等方式发展的符号功能。而当下所发生的技术和传播变革对镜头的媒介属性和传播效果的改变,同样可以放在上述框架中来理解,镜头的不同属性在新技术和新语境中仍体现出历史的延续性。

The lens have been seen as a stable ideographic system between the creators and audiences for a long time.In recent years,short videos on social media,however,have exerted an significant impact on the ideographic system,and this sparked the discussion of media attributes and communication effects in the new technical and environment.This article will deal with the technological history of the uses and effects of lens,trying to provide a historical context and perspective to understand the dispute above.Media attributes are seen as a construct based on a certain usage pattern,although the physical property of lens provides an initial attribute of replicating,many other attributes of lens are constructed by specific usage pattern and perform different functions,including effective control of audience’s attention,creating specific relationship between audience and subject through invoking daily experience,constructing semiotic meaning through montage,etc.Current technology and revolution of communication caused changes in media forms and communication effects.These changes can be apprehended under the framework above-mentioned.Different attributes of lens reflect the historical continuation in new technical enviroment.