宋代士人阶层重组与言论清明格局的形成

From Aristocratic Clans to Elites of Literati: the Transition of Shih Class and New Patterns of Public Opinion in Song Dynasty

宋朝是帝制时代唯一不杀言官的朝代,也是古代社会中言论最为清明的一个时期,这与宋代士人阶层的重组和言官制度设计有密切关系。宋确立了科举成为入仕的主要途径,大量庶族及贫民入仕后替代了原来门阀作为官僚和知识阶层的构成主体,加之对台谏、太学、邸报等制度的改善及对文官优渥待遇的实施,极大地增强了士人阶层从内心修为到实践济世的家国主体意识,达到了帝制时代士大夫治国的一个巅峰。士人阶层的重组不仅对当世舆论生态产生积极影响,推动大量士人下沉民间,理学鼎盛,对后世也产生了深远影响。

The Song Dynasty was the only one in the feudal period that did not kill supervisors which mostly from scholar-officials.And it was also the most freedom and bright period of speech in the ancient society,which was closely related to the restructuring of the scholar-official stratum and the design of the supervisor system in the Song Dynasty.The Song Dynasty ensured the imperial examination as the main way to become an official.After a large number of ordinary people and poor people joined the government,they further replaced the door-valve as the main body of bureaucrats and intellectuals.In addition,the improvement of the system of Taijian,Taixue,Dibao and the implementation of the preferential treatment for civil officials greatly enhanced the consciousness of the scholar class as the main body of the country from the heart to the practice,and the scholarofficials ruling the country reached one of the peaks in feudal society.The restructuring of the scholar-official stratum not only has a positive impact on the public opinion ecology in the that time,but also has a far-reaching impact on the later generations,with a large number of officials sinking into the civil society and the prosperity of Neo-Confucianism.