国家—市场关系的两种取向

Two Orientations of the State-Market Relationship

'国家为市场而治理'与'国家因市场而治理'既是两种相对的政治—经济观念,也代表着两种不同的国家—市场关系模式。无论是亚当·斯密的古典经济自由主义,还是各种(作为一种治理术的)新自由主义思潮,都将市场经济的基本原则界定为自由放任,国家与市场的关系表现为'国家为市场而治理',国家的作用是服务于市场的创建、生长、成熟。而'国家因市场而治理'则认为市场不是自生自发、渐进发展的,主张'政府干预的必要性源于市场经济的内在缺陷'。一个政治共同体在不同的发展阶段需要对不同的发展目标做出审慎的选择,这一目标必然会影响其国家—市场之间的关系模式。对于中国这样的巨型国家和复杂社会而言,应认识到并充分重视发展目标的多样性,在自身与他国的政治经济发展实际经验教训的基础上,做出问题导向、脚踏实地、深思熟虑的选择,而非不假思索地奉行某种无法自持的'自生自发的市场自由'思维。

'State governance for the market'and'state governance because of the market'are two opposite political-economic concepts.They also represent two different models of state-market relation.Both Adam Smith’s classical economic liberalism and neo-liberalism thoughts(as a kind of governmentality)define the basic principles of market economy as laissez-faire,and accordingly regard the state-market relation as'state governance for the market',under which the state serves for the creation,growth,welldevelopment and expansion of the market.The model of'state governance because of the market'does not regard the market as spontaneous and progressive one,but insists that'the necessity of government intervention stems from the inherent defects of the market economy itself'.A political community needs to make deliberate choices of different goals of development at different developing stages,which will inevitably affect its state-market relationship model.As to China,a giant state with complex society,it is necessary to recognize and lay stress on the diversity of goals of development.The decision of the goals should be problem-oriented,realistic and deliberate on the basis of both domestic and foreign political and economic experiences,rather than jumping into conclusion of pursuing a blind faith of'spontaneous market freedom'.