试论民国前期康区“土流并置”的成效

Attempt to Analyze the Effect of “the Chieftains and Liuguan Juxtaposition” of Khams

辛亥革命后,康区土司大部复辟,因土司扎根于川边地方社会,部分土司后裔在当地继续被委以职务。民国前期"土流并置"通过委以土司职权,缓和了土流关系,土司帮助政府征收赋税和催派乌拉,加强了地方政府对社会的管理职能。但是,康区百姓给政府和土司均需缴纳粮税和徭役,这无疑又增加了百姓的负担。1918年绒坝岔和议签订后,川边失地过多,康北土司基本听从政府,而康南数县经常处于无政府状态,"土流并置"的整体成效不显著。本文试通过对民国前期康区"土流并置"的梳理和分析,以加强对民国康区土司和流官共同治理状况、成效的认识,为当今治边治藏政策提供现实参考。

After the 1911 Revolution,the Chieftains of Khams restored on a large scales,because Chieftains took root in the local society of Khams,some descendants of Chieftains were continually conferred in the local place'.The Chieftains and Liuguan juxtaposition'let Chieftains gain power during the early Republic of China,which eased up the relation between Chieftains and Liuguan,the Chieftains help government levy taxes on the people and urge to dispatch corvee,which strengthened the local governance.However,the people of the Khams had to pay the grain tax and serve corvee labor to the government and Chieftains.There was no doubt that it would increase the burden of the people.After the peace treaties of Rong Bacha were signed in 1918,the Khams lost lots of lands,the north Khams basically followed the government's direct,while many counties of the south Khams were in a state of anarchy,therefore,the whole effect of'The Chieftains and Liuguan juxtaposition'was not marked.This article tried to comb and analyze'the Chieftains and Liuguan juxtaposition'in the Khams during the early Republic of China,which strengthened our understanding of the common governance state and the effect in the Khams,and provided historical basis and practical reference for today's Borderland and Tibet governance.