集权正道?从社区警务看瑞士国内治安政策改革

Is centralisation the right way to go?The case of internal security policy reforms in Switzerland in the light of community policing

本文以瑞士各州与市之间的事务分配为视角,分析了旨在提高效率的治安改革是如何集中州一层级的警察机构,而削减地方警察的。由于人们对于集权化的转型已经达成共识并将其实施,因此那些成功保留了地方警察的城镇被看作是特殊情况。本文通过量化数据重点分析两个州的改革。分析结果表明制度变革产生了三项主要的制度安排:集权化(市从州购买警察服务)、地区化(几个市共同开展警务活动)、分权化(城镇保留它的地方警察)。对于何种制度安排产生了最好的效果,一项有关当事人(公民和警察)主观感受的评估显示,在分权化的制度设置中,警察工作和治安感受更为出色。

Looking from the angle of the allocation of tasks between cantons and municipalities in Switzerland,this article analyses how security reforms tend to concentrate police institutions at the cantonal level and eliminate local police in order to improve efficiency.As the shift to centralisation is being implemented through consensus-building,cities claim to be special cases and succeed in conserving their local police.The analysis focuses on two cantonal reforms through qualitative data.The results show that institutional changes have led to three main arrangements after reform:the centralisation of police(the municipalities buy the services of the cantonal police);regionalisation(several municipalities implement their policing activities together);and decentralisation(the city conserves its local police).In regard to which arrangement produces the best impact,an evaluation of the perception of actors(citizens and police)shows that the police’s work and the feeling of security are better in a decentralised setting.