侵权法上的赔偿酌减制度研究——兼论完全赔偿原则的缓和

Analysis on Discretionary Reduction System of Damages in Tort Law:On the Relaxation of Complete Compensation Principle

当完全赔偿原则下的责任负担将导致侵权人陷入生计困难或引发明显不公平时,各国法院通常都会对赔偿数额予以适当减少,使其损害范围向下调整和偏离,即侵权法上的赔偿酌减制度。目前,赔偿酌减已为各国立法或实践所普遍采纳,并出现了适用范围上扩大的趋势,酌减事由也从特别化走向一般化,且对侵权人的主观状态要求趋于宽松。赔偿酌减制度的建立和发展旨在克服完全赔偿之僵化适用所导致的个案不公,表征完全赔偿原则的例外设定与缓和之势。

When the liability for damages under complete co mpensation principle will lead the infringer into livelihood difficulties or cause obviously unfair situation,courts in all countries usually reduce the compensation amount to make it adjusted and deviated from the scope of damage,which called discretionary reduction system of damages in Tort Law.Currently,discretionary reduction system of damages is widely adopted in national legislation or judicial practice.Furthermore,the scope of its application is also expanded,the reasons for discretionary reduction are from specialization to generalization,and the requirements for the subjective status of the infringed tend to be loosened.The establishment and development of discretionary reduction system of damages is aimed at overcoming the injustice caused by rigid application of complete compensation principle,which indicates the exception setting and mitigation of complete compensation principle.